Multilayer polyester film with high optical density with a total thickness of max. 60 µm with two white layers and a carbon-black containing outer layer

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an at least three-layer, biaxially oriented polyester film with a carbon-black-filled outer layer and with two TiO 2 -containing layers, where a TiO 2 -containing layer is also an outer layer and where
         the thickness of the outer layers is from 4 to 15 μm,   the thickness of the base layer is ≧the total of the thicknesses of the outer layers,   the white outer layer comprises at least 15% by weight of TiO 2 ,   the base layer comprises at least 4% by weight of TiO 2 ,   the carbon-black-containing outer layer comprises from 3 to 15% by weight of carbon black, and   the SV value of the film is at least 600,
 
where all % by weight data are based on the weight of the respective layer, and also to a process for the production of this type of film and to the use of the film in particular in blinds, including roller blinds, Venetian blinds, or projection screens, or in displays.

The invention relates to a multilayer, biaxially oriented polyester film which has very low transparency or respectively has high optical density (OD), and at least two white layers, and a carbon-black-containing external layer. The invention further relates to a process for the production of the film, and to the use of the film.

Films with high optical density (OD) of >3.5 or, respectively, very low transparency of <0.1% are needed by way of example for blinds in the greenhouse sector, where these blinds inhibit penetration of daylight and thus permit establishment of different day/night periods by using artificial light, irrespective of ambient light. These blinds also prevent impairment of the environment of the greenhouse by strong artificial light during the night. Another possible important use is found in the sector of roller blinds and Venetian blinds, where the intended use of these is for reduction of light levels. Films of this type are also suitable for use in projection screens and as films in display applications, for example for mobile telephones.

However, considerable further requirements are placed upon the film in particular by the first two application sectors (blinds, including roller blinds) and the last application sector (displays). By way of example, the thickness of these cannot be greater than 60 μm, otherwise they are insufficiently flexible for the final applications, and the film also has to have a certain UV resistance in order to be suitable for long-term use. In display applications, the total thickness of the film is an important factor for the final thickness of the display, which is intended to have minimum thickness.

At least in the two first-mentioned applications, it is also desirable that the film has low flammability and ideally is self-extinguishing in the absence of any supportive fire, in order that it does not contribute to spread of fire in greenhouses and other buildings.

The films must also be white on at least one side, in order to reflect a maximum portion of the incident light, for reasons which include avoidance of heating of the material itself and contribution to energy efficiency. High whiteness in reflected light or, respectively, high lightness in reflected light is also important.

The film is also intended to be capable of cost-effective production on existing multilayer polyester film plants. These generally comprise, in the thickness range up to 75 μm, a main extruder suitable for high throughputs, and from one to two extruders for the outer layers, suitable for markedly lower throughputs.

Films that are white on one side and that have high optical density have been described by way of example in U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,219.

Although U.S. Pat. No. 6,436,219 gives a general description of films of thickness from 15 to 350 μm, the thicknesses of the films in the examples are all 80 μm.

As the films become thicker, it becomes easier to achieve high whiteness, which makes it more difficult to perceive the black outer layer. It also becomes easier to achieve high optical density (Lambert-Beer law). However, the specification does not reveal any production method for films with high whiteness and high optical density with total thickness markedly smaller than 80 μm. Nor does it reveal any information about achievement of suitable UV resistance and optional achievement of suitable flame retardancy.

It was an object of the present invention to provide a biaxially oriented polyester film of thickness at most 60 μm which has optical density OD>3.5 and also has whiteness of at least 90 on at least one external side, and is suitable for use as/in blinds for greenhouses, and can be produced cost-effectively on conventional polyester film plants.

This object is achieved via an at least three-layer polyester film with a carbon-black-filled outer layer and with two TiO₂-containing layers, where a TiO₂-containing layer is also an outer layer and where

-   -   1. the thickness of the outer layers is from 4 to 15 μm,     -   2. the thickness of the base layer is ≧the total of the         thicknesses of the outer layers,     -   3. the white outer layer comprises at least 15% by weight of         TiO₂,     -   4. the base layer comprises at least 4% by weight of TiO₂,     -   5. the carbon-black-containing outer layer comprises from 3 to         15% by weight of carbon black, and     -   6. the SV value of the film is at least 600.

The total thickness of the film is from 20 to 60 μm. It is preferable that the total thickness of the film is from 25 to 45 μm and ideally from 30 to 40 μm. If the total thickness of the film is below 20 μm, it becomes impossible to achieve adequate whiteness of the film and/or the optical density of the film is too low. As the total thickness of the film becomes greater, these two parameters become easier to achieve. If the total thickness of the film is above 60 μm, the film becomes too inflexible for use in blinds and its use also becomes uneconomic. As the thickness of the film becomes smaller, performance in blinds, including roller blinds, becomes more advantageous, and the use of the film becomes more economic.

The film has at least three layers, where at least two layers comprise at least 4% by weight of TiO₂. If the intention were to construct a film with comparable OD and whiteness from only two layers, with a carbon-black-containing layer and a white layer, the thickness of the white layer would have to be at least 50 nm and it would have to comprise at least 24% by weight of TiO₂ (alternatively 15% by weight of TiO₂ and 15% by weight of BaSO₄) in order to achieve sufficient whiteness. However, the process to produce films of that type is unreliable because of the high layer thickness with very high particle content, and the films are difficult to cut, the amount of wear on the knives becoming greater as the number of particles increases, and they are very brittle, and this makes them unsuitable for long-term applications in greenhouses. In the case of three-layer structures, a high-pigment-content outer layer of relatively low thickness can be combined with a thick base layer having relatively low pigment content, thus making the production process very reliable.

The thickness of the base layer is at least as great as the total of the thicknesses of the outer layers. It is preferable that the thickness of the base layer is at least 55% of the total thickness of the film, ideally at least 63% of the total thickness of the film. If the thickness of the base layer is less than 50% of the total thickness of the film, the output of the main extruder becomes too low in relation to the maximum output of the outer-layer extruder, which in conventional polyester film coextrusion plants is the limiting factor for total output (see above). If output of the main extruder is too low, pressure variations occur and adversely affect the reliability of the production process and can also lead to color variations in the film. Total output also becomes too low, and cost-effectiveness falls.

The thickness of the outer layers is from 4 to 15 μm, preferably from 5 to 10 μm, und ideally from 5.5 to 8 μm. As the outer layers become thicker, the achievable whiteness and optical density becomes higher. As the outer layers become thicker, the cost-effectiveness of film production becomes lower (see previous paragraph), and, surprisingly, the reliability of production of the film becomes lower as the outer layers become thicker.

It is preferable that at least 80% and ideally at least 99% of the titanium dioxide used is in the rutile form. The rutile form leads to higher whiteness than the anatase form, and to better UV resistance of the film.

The film preferably comprises titanium dioxide as white pigment in all of the layers. The white outer layer comprises from 15 to 35% by weight of TiO₂, preferably from 20 to 27% by weight of TiO₂ (where all data are based on the weight of the layer). If the amount of TiO₂ used is less than 15% by weight, it is impossible to achieve sufficiently high whiteness, and if the amount of TiO₂ used is more than 35% by weight, production becomes so unreliable that it can no longer be cost-effective. The white outer layer can comprise further white pigments, such as BaSO₄ or zinc oxide, etc. However, it preferably comprises less than 6% by weight of other white pigments, more preferably less than 2% by weight, and ideally less than 0.05% by weight. All white pigments other than TiO₂ lead to a lower level of UV protection, and to lower whiteness of the outer layer than when only TiO₂ is used, and, as is the case with TiO₂, as their concentration increases they impair reliability of the production process. The total concentration of all of the white pigments in the white outer layer is not greater than 35% by weight and preferably not greater than 27% by weight.

The base layer comprises at least 4% by weight of titanium dioxide. The base layer preferably comprises at least 5% by weight of TiO₂ and ideally at least 8% by weight of TiO₂. The base layer comprises at most 22% by weight of white pigment (total of % by weight figures for TiO₂, BaSO₄, ZnO, etc.), preferably less than 18% by weight of white pigment and ideally less than 16% by weight.

If the layer comprises less than 4% by weight of titanium dioxide, it is impossible to achieve adequately high whiteness and optical density. If the film comprises more than 22% by weight of white pigment in the base layer, this has no significant further favorable effect on whiteness and optical density. However, as concentration of white pigment increases, reliability of production becomes continuously poorer. Another factor is that in particular white pigments such as barium sulfate have an adverse effect on fire performance as concentration rises. (Combustion consumes the film more rapidly, and the film does not then self-extinguish as readily.) This is undesirable particularly in preferred embodiments for greenhouse applications. Another factor is that the material becomes more difficult to cut.

The d₅₀ value of the white pigments used is advantageously below 7 μm, preferably below 3 μm, and ideally below 1.5 μm.

Further particles can be used alongside the white pigments, examples being SiO₂, Al₂O₃, etc., but one preferred embodiment omits the use of these particles, since they—like the white pigments—increase total pigment/particle content and thus have an adverse effect on reliability of production.

In one preferred embodiment, the white outer layer comprises from 500 to 2000 ppm of optical brightener in order to increase whiteness. Examples of suitable optical brighteners are thiophenylbisbenzoxazole derivatives, such as Uvitex® OB, or stilbenebisbenzoxazole derivatives, such as Hostalux® KS.

In one preferred embodiment, the outer layers also comprise at least one UV stabilizer. Preferred UV stabilizers here are triazine derivatives such as Tinuvin® 1577 (BASF, CH). In one preferred embodiment, amounts of from 0.2 to 1% by weight (based on the weight of the layer) of UV stabilizers are added to the outer layer(s). Particular preference is given to a UV stabilizer content of from 0.2 to 0.4% by weight.

The outer layer opposite to the white outer layer comprises from 3 to 15% by weight of carbon black as black pigment (based on the weight of the layer). The carbon black content is ideally from 6 to 10% by weight of carbon black. Higher carbon black contents lead to lower whiteness of the opposite outer layer, and carbon black contents above 15% by weight also lead to increasing conductivity of the outer layer, which makes it difficult to impossible to use electrostatic methods of application to the chill roll during the production process (poor reliability of production=poor cost-effectiveness). Carbon black contents lower than 3% by weight lead to too low optical density of the film. It is preferable to use carbon black produced by the “furnace” process. The d₅₀ value of the carbon black used is preferably smaller than 2 μm. In one preferred embodiment, the total content of PAH=Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (naphthalene, acenaphthylene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(ghi)fluoranthene, benz(a)anthracene, cyclopenta(cd)pyrene, chrysene, benzo(b/j)fluoranthene, benzo(k/j)fluoranthene, benzo(e)pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene, perylene, dibenz(ac/ah)anthracene, benzo(ghi)perylene, anthantrene, coronene) is below 1.5 ppm and preferably below 1 ppm, and particularly preferably below 0.5 ppm. (The PAH are dissolved out from the surface of the carbon black by toluene extraction carried out at boiling point for 48 hours, and then identified and quantified by means of gas chromatography, coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC/MS).) This method can prevent significant amounts of PAH from migrating out of the film and creating a risk to users. It also avoids any adverse effect on operators during production of the film, without requiring any expensive protective measures.

It is preferable that the carbon-black-containing outer layer also comprises TiO₂, and specifically and advantageously at least 1% by weight of TiO₂, preferably at least 2% by weight of TiO₂, and particularly preferably at least 3% by weight of TiO₂. A large rise in optical density can thus be achieved, and this is markedly larger than could be achieved by using the corresponding amount of carbon black without TiO₂ for increasing optical density (synergy). TiO₂ also greatly increases the UV resistance of the outer layer. A further advantage is that the white pigment brings about higher reflectivity, which leads to less heating on exposure to light. The carbon-black-containing outer layer preferably comprises only TiO₂ as second pigment alongside carbon black, and preferably comprises, alongside carbon black, no more than 15% by weight, ideally no more than 8% by weight, of other particles. An increased amount of particles does not have any additional favorable effect, but has the abovementioned disadvantages.

The polymer of the base layer B and of the other layers of the film (ignoring UV stabilizers, pigments, flame retardant, optical brighteners, and other additives) is preferably composed of at least 80% by weight of a polyester. Polyesters suitable for this purpose are inter alia those made of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid (=polyethylene terephthalate, PET), made of ethylene glycol and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (=polyethylene 2,6-naphthalate, PEN), or else made of any desired mixtures of the abovementioned carboxylic acids and diols. Particular preference is given to polyesters composed of at least 90 mol %, preferably at least 95 mol %, and ideally at least 97 mol %, of ethylene glycol units and terephthalic acid units. The use of naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid does not have any advantages over the use of terephthalic acid, and naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid is therefore usually only omitted because of its higher cost.

The remaining monomer units derive from other aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic diols and, respectively, dicarboxylic acids.

Examples of other suitable aliphatic diols are diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, aliphatic glycols of the general formula HO—(CH₂)_(n)—OH, where n is preferably smaller than 10, cyclohexanedimethanol, butanediol, propanediol, etc. Examples of other suitable dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, adipic acid, etc. It has proven advantageous for reliability of production and for weathering resistance in greenhouse applications that the film comprises less than 2% by weight of diethylene glycol, preferably less than 1.5% by weight. It has proven advantageous for the same reasons that the film comprises less than 12% by weight of isophthalic acid, preferably less than 8% by weight, and ideally less than 1% by weight. It has also proven advantageous that the film comprises less than 3% by weight of CHDM (1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol), ideally less than 1% by weight. It has also proven advantageous that the total content of isophthalic acid, diethylene glycol, and CHDM is not greater than 3.5% by weight, and ideally smaller than 2% by weight.

In one particular embodiment for greenhouse applications, an example being blinds, the film has reduced flammability.

To this end, the film advantageously comprises from 0.5 to 15% by weight of a flame retardant. It is preferable to use flame retardants based on organophosphorus compounds, preferably on esters of phosphoric acid or of phosphorous acid. It has proven advantageous here that the phosphorus-containing compound is part of the polyester. A disadvantage of phosphorus-containing flame retardants such as Adeka®-Stab 700 (4,4′-isopropylidenediphenyl bis(diphenyl phosphate)) that have not been incorporated into the polymer is not only evolution of gas caused by the flame retardant during the production process but also a very large adverse effect on the hydrolysis resistance of the film, the result being rapid embrittlement of the film in the hot humid conditions of a greenhouse and the need to replace the blinds. The extent of these effects is greatly reduced by using phosphorus compounds that have been incorporated into the polyester chain. The phosphorus here can be part of the main chain, for example as is the case when using 2-carboxyethylmethylphosphinic acid (other suitable compounds being described by way of example in DE-A-23 46 787). However, particular preference is given to phosphorus compounds in which the location of the phosphonis is in a side chain, since this gives the lowest susceptibility to hydrolysis under greenhouse conditions. These compounds are preferably compounds of the formula I:

in which

-   R¹ is un outer group, selected from —COOR⁴, —OR⁵, and —OCOR⁶; -   R² and R³ independently, are selected from halogen atoms,     hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and R¹; -   R⁴ is a hydrogen atom, a carbonyl group, or a hydrocarbon group     having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, where this group can contain a     hydroxy group or carboxy group; -   R⁵ is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10     carbon atoms, where this group can contain a hydroxy group or     carboxy group; -   R⁶ is a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, where     this group can contain a hydroxy group or carboxy group; -   A is a di- or trivalent hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 8 carbon     atoms; -   n1 is 1 or 2; and     each of -   n2 and n3 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,     preference being given to those containing two ester-forming     functional groups.

Especially suitable is bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 6-oxodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxa-phosphorin-6-ylmethylsuccinate (CAS No. 63562-34-5). If this monomer is used in production of the polyester, the polymers obtained have relatively little susceptibility to hydrolysis, and these can be processed in a film production process with good reliability.

The amount of stabilizer is adjusted in such a way that the proportion of phosphorus in the film is from 1500 to 5000 ppm, preferably from 1800 to 4000 ppm and ideally from 2000 to 3000 ppm (ppm based on weights, not on mol). If the proportion of phosphorus is below 1500 ppm, the film is consumed too rapidly by combustion and is not self-extinguishing. As the proportion of phosphorus increases, the rate of consumption by combustion becomes smaller, but resistance to hydrolysis also becomes smaller. Above 5000 ppm, the film can be used for at most one planting season. Below 3000 ppm, hydrolysis rate is sufficiently low that decomposition by hydrolysis is not expected to occur over a period of a number of years in use.

The phosphorus content here can have uniform distribution over the layers, or can differ. It has proven advantageous that the outer layers comprise at least 75% of the phosphorus concentration of the middle layer; it is preferable that they comprise the same phosphorus concentration, and the outer layers ideally comprise at least 5% more phosphorus than the middle layer. This leads to particularly advantageous fire performance, and the total amount of phosphorus needed is smaller.

In one preferred embodiment, the film of the invention has longitudinal and transverse shrinkage below 3% at 150° C., preferably below 2%, and particularly preferably below 1.5%. The expansion of this film is moreover less than 3% at 100° C., preferably less than 1%, and particularly preferably less than 0.3%. An example of a method for obtaining this dimensional stability consists in subjecting the film to relaxation as described at a later stage below (see description of the process) prior to wind-up. When the material is used in blinds, this dimensional stability is advantageous for preventing the strips from subsequent shrinkage which would cause light to penetrate between them. Excessive shrinkage, or else excessive expansion, can lead to uncontrolled expansion in the manner of corrugations in the finished products, not only in the production of roller blinds but also in the case of other blinds.

In one preferred embodiment moreover the modulus of elasticity of the film in both directions on the film (MD and TD) is greater than 3000 N/mm² and preferably greater than 3500 N/mm², and particularly preferably >4500 N/mm², longitudinally and transversely (in MD and TD), and it is preferable that these values are achieved at least transversely (in TD). The longitudinal and transverse F5 values (force 5% tensile strain) are preferably above 80 N/mm² and particularly preferably above 90 N/mm². These mechanical properties can by way of example be obtained through the biaxial stretching described at a later stage below for the film (see description of the process).

The results of the abovementioned mechanical properties is that when the film is subjected to tension in the final applications it does not undergo any excessive uncontrolled expansion, and it retains good guidability.

The SV value of the film is from 600 to 950, preferably from 650 to 850, and ideally from 700 to 850. If the SV value is below 600, the film is so brittle, even before it has left the production process, that break-offs are frequent, and further viscosity loss occurs more rapidly in the final applications, with loss of flexibility of the films, resulting in fracture. Furthermore, achievement of the abovementioned mechanical strength properties becomes unreliable if the SV value is lower. If the SV value of the film is higher than 950, the toughness of the polymer becomes so high in the extruder, by virtue of the high pigment loading, that excessively high electrical currents occur in the extruder motor and pressure variations occur in the extrusion process. This leads to poor reliability of the production process. Another factor is that abrasion of extrusion tooling and cutters becomes disproportionately high.

The Berger whiteness of one side of the film is at least 90. It is preferable that the whiteness is at least 95 and particularly preferable that it is at least 100. The whiteness is obtained when the stated amounts of TiO₂ are present in an external layer and in the base layer of the thickness of the invention, and, if appropriate, an optical brightener is used (in particular for whiteness >100).

The optical density of the film is at least 3.5, preferably at least 4.0, particularly preferably at least 4.5. The transparency of the film is below 0.035%.

In one preferred embodiment, the reflectance of the film on at least one side is greater than or equal to 70% at 550 nm, preferably greater than or equal to 80%, and particularly preferably greater than or equal to 85%. Reflectance at 370 nm on at least one side (preferably on both sides) is smaller than 60%, preferably smaller than or equal to 50%, and particularly preferably smaller than or equal to 45%. As the reflectance at 550 nm becomes greater, the extent of heating of the film in greenhouses using blinds made of the film of the invention becomes smaller. As reflectance at 370 nm becomes smaller, the amount of UV light that can damage articles in the beam path prior to the film becomes less. The abovementioned reflectance characteristics are achieved by using the stated amounts of TiO₂ in all of the layers.

Process

The polyester matrix polymers of the individual layers are produced via polycondensation, either starting from dicarboxylic acids and from a diol (“PTA process”) or starting from the esters of the dicarboxylic acids, preferably the dimethyl esters, and from a diol (“DMT process”).

Polyethylene terephthalates that can be used for the production of the films of the invention preferably have SV values in the range from 500 to 1300, but the individual values here are of relatively little importance; the average SV value of the polymers used is the decisive factor and should be greater than 700 and preferably greater than 750.

The white pigments, inorganic particles or carbon black, and also UV stabilizers, can be added before production of the polyester is complete. To this end, the particles are dispersed in ethylene glycol, and, if appropriate, ground and decanted, etc., and added to the reactor either in the (trans)esterification step or in the polycondensation step. As an alternative, a concentrated particle-containing or additive-containing polyester masterbatch can preferably be produced in a twin-screw extruder and can be diluted with particle-free polyester during the film-extrusion process. It has proven advantageous here not to use masterbatches comprising less than 30% by weight of polyester. In the case of carbon-black masterbatches, at least 50% by weight of polyester should be present. However, the particle/carbon black content should be at least 20% by weight, preferably at least 30% by weight. If masterbatches are used with higher additive content, the result is undesirable dusting, and the dispersion of the additives within the film becomes markedly poorer. If the additive contents are too low, it becomes more difficult to achieve the SV values of the invention in the films, since more polymer with very high SV value has to be added in order to compensate the low SV value of the particle masterbatches.

Another method consists in direct addition of particles and additives during the film-extrusion process in a twin-screw extruder.

If single-screw extruders are used, it has then proven advantageous to predry the polyesters. The drying step can be omitted if a twin-screw extruder with devolatilization zone is used.

The polymer or the polymer mixture for the individual layers is first compressed in extruders and plastified. The melts are then shaped in a coextrusion die to give flat melt films and forced through a flat-film die, and are drawn off on a chill roll and one or more take-off rolls, whereupon the molded film cools and solidifies.

The film of the invention is biaxially oriented, i.e. biaxially stretched. The biaxial orientation of the film is most frequently carried out sequentially. It is preferable here to begin by orienting longitudinally (i.e. in machine direction=MD) and then to orientate transversely (i.e. perpendicularly to machine direction=TD). The longitudinal orientation can be carried out with the aid of two rolls running at different speeds corresponding to the desired stretching ratio. The transverse orientation process generally employs an appropriate tenter frame.

It is also possible, but not necessary, to use simultaneous stretching of the film instead of sequential stretching.

The temperature at which the stretching process is carried out can vary relatively widely and depends on the desired properties of the film. The longitudinal stretching process is generally carried out in the temperature range from 80 to 130° C. heating temperatures from 80 to 130° C.), and the transverse stretching process is generally carried out in the temperature range from 90° C. (start of the stretching process) to 140° C. (end of the stretching process). The longitudinal stretching ratio is in the range from 2.5:1 to 5.5:1, preferably from 3:1 to 5.0:1. The transverse stretching ratio is generally in the range from 2.5:1 to 5.0:1, preferably from 3:1 to 4.5:1.

In order to achieve the desired properties of the film, it has proven advantageous that the stretching temperature (in MD and TD) is below 125° C., and preferably below 118° C.

Prior to the transverse stretching process, one or both surfaces of the film can be coated in-line by processes known per se. The in-line coating can by way of example lead to improved adhesion between a metal layer or a printing ink and the film, to an improvement in antistatic performance, or to an improvement in the processing performance of the film. If the exterior coextruded layers do not comprise any inorganic particles for improving slip properties and winding properties, a particle-containing coating can be applied at this juncture.

In the heat-setting process that follows, the film is kept under tension at a temperature of from 150 to 250° C. for a period of about 0.1 to 10 s, and is relaxed transversely to an extent of at least 1%, preferably at least 3%, and particularly preferably at least 4%, in order to achieve the preferred values for shrinkage and expansion. This relaxation process preferably takes place in the temperature range from 150 to 190° C. It is preferable that less than 25% but more than 5%, of the total relaxation takes place within the first 25% of the relaxation time. The film is then wound up conventionally.

The following parameters were used to characterize the raw materials and the films:

Measurement of Average Particle Diameter d₅₀

Average diameter d₅₀ is determined by means of a laser, on a Horiba LA 500, using laser diffraction (examples of other test equipment being the Malvern Mastersizer or the Sympathec Helos, which use the same measurement principle). For the measurement, the specimens are placed in a cell with water, and this then placed in the test equipment. The dispersion is scanned by a laser and particle size distribution is determined from the signal, by comparison with a calibration curve. The particle size distribution is characterized by two parameters, the median value d₅₀ (a measure of the position of the average value) and the measure of scatter known as SPAN98 (which is a measure of particle diameter scatter). The test procedure is automatic and also includes mathematical determination of the d₅₀ value. The d₅₀ value is defined here as determined from the (relative) cumulative particle size distribution curve: the intersection of the 50% ordinate value with the cumulative curve gives the desired d₅₀ value on the abscissa axis.

Primary Grain Size of Nanoparticles (e.g. Aerosil® and Nyacol®)

The average size of the primary particles is determined on transmission electron micrographs (TEM) of the product to be tested. If the specimen takes the form of a film or granulated plastic, the TEM study should be carried out on microtome sections.

Transparency

Transparency is measured to ASTM-D 1033-77 by means of a haze-gard® plus from BYK-Gardner GmbH, DE.

SV Value (Standard Viscosity)

Standard viscosity SV (DCA) is measured by a method based on DIN 53 726, at a concentration of 1% in dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in an Ubbelohde viscometer at 25° C. The dimension less SV value is determined as follows from the relative viscosity (η_(rel)) determined:

SV=(η_(rel)−1)×1000

For this test, film or polymer raw materials are dissolved in DCA and the white pigments are removed by centrifuging prior to measurement. The proportion of pigments is determined by determining the amount of ash and the input weight is increased accordingly. This means that

Input weight=(specified input weight)/((100−particle content in %)/100)

Mechanical Properties

Mechanical properties are determined by way of a tensile test based on DIN EN ISO 572-1 and -3, on film strips measuring 100 mm×15 mm.

Shrinkage

Heat shrinkage is determined on square film samples with edge length 10 cm. The specimens are cut out in such a way that one edge runs parallel to machine direction and one edge runs perpendicularly to machine direction. The exact measurements of the specimens are taken (edge length L₀ being determined for each machine direction, TD and MD, giving L_(0 TD) and L_(0 MD)), and the specimens are then heat-conditioned for 15 min at the stated shrinkage temperature (here 150° C.) in a convection oven. The specimens are removed and their exact measurements are taken at room temperature (edge length L_(TD) and L_(MD)). Shrinkage is obtained from the following equation:

Shrinkage [%]MD=100·(L _(0 MD) −L _(MD))/L _(0 MD)

Shrinkage [%]TD=100·(L _(0 TD) −L _(TD))/L _(0 TD)

Expansion

Thermal expansion is determined on square film samples with edge length 10 cm. The exact measurements of the specimens are taken (edge length L₀), and the specimens are heat-conditioned for 15 min at 100° C. in a convection oven, and their exact measurements are then taken at room temperature (edge length L). Expansion is obtained from the following equation:

Expansion [%]=100*(L−L ₀)/L ₀

and is determined separately in each direction on the film (MD and TD).

UV Resistance

UV resistance is determined as described on page 8 of DE 697 31 750 (DE of WO 98/06575), and the UTS value is stated as % of the initial value.

Optical Density (Transmittance)

Optical density is measured with a PM densitometer from Heiland Electronic, Wetzlar, Del.

Densitometer TD-SO6 Serial No.: 0909011621

The white side faces the light source here.

Flame Retardancy

A film section of dimensions 30·30 cm is secured by two clamps at two adjacent corners and suspended vertically. At the location of suspension, care should be taken to avoid any air movement that causes any noticeable movement of the film section, but gentle upward ventilation is acceptable.

A flame is then applied from below to the middle of the lower side of the film section. The flame can be applied from a commercially available lighter or preferably a Bunsen burner. The flame length here is more than 1 cm and less than 3 cm. The flame is applied to the film until the latter continues to burn even (for at least 3 s) in the absence of the igniting flame. The flame is applied to the film for at most 5 s, and its position is adjusted to compensate as the film is consumed by combustion or shrinks away from the flame. This procedure is repeated until the film continues to burn for more than 3 s in the absence of the igniting flame. The maximum number of ignition procedures carried out is four.

Flame retardancy is evaluated using grades:

-   1=During the course of four ignition procedures, the film never     burned for more than 3 s after ignition. -   2=The film burned after ignition and self-extinguished after less     than 15 s, and more than 30% of the area of the film remained. -   3=The film burned after ignition and self-extinguished after less     than 20 s, and more than 30% of the area of the film remained. -   4=The film burned after ignition and self-extinguished after less     than 40 s, and more than 30% of the area of the film remained. -   5=The film burned after ignition and self-extinguished after less     than 40 s, and more than 10% of the area of the film remained. -   6=The film burned after ignition and continued to burn for more than     40 s, or less than 10% of the area of the film was retained after     self-extinguishment.

Whiteness

Whiteness is determined by the Berger method.

The test used “color sphere” color measurement equipment (spectrophotometer; BYK Gardner, Del.), which has an attached computer to evaluate the measured values. The color measurement system is composed of a spectrophotometer with Ulbricht sphere and d/8° measurement geometry (double beam). The test beam scans the specimen at intervals of 20 nm, using a silicon photocell/interference filter (measurement range from 400 to 700 nm). The attached computer loads the Auto QC program for testing and controls the test procedure (software concomitantly supplied by BYK Gardner).

The test is carried out on a single ply of film, and a light trap (black tube, obtainable as accessory to “color sphere” color measurement equipment from BYK Gardner) is placed over the film to be tested.

Reflectance

Reflectance is determined with a Lambda 12 UV-Vis spectrometer from Perkin Elmer, USA.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Of the Invention

Three polymer mixtures were melted at 290° C. in three twin-screw extruders:

Outer Layer A (Thickness in Final Film 6 μm)

-   44% by weight of P1=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 700 and     50% by weight of TiO₂ (R-104 from DuPont, USA, in the rutile form).     The TiO₂ was incorporated into the polyethylene terephthalate in a     twin-screw extruder. -   16% by weight of P2=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 730,     comprising, as comonomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)     6-oxodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxa-phosphorin-6-ylmethylsuccinate, where the     proportion of phosphorus therefrom is 18 000 ppm in the polymer. -   10% by weight of P3=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 730,     comprising, as optical brightener, 1% by weight of Uvitex®OB     (Ciba/BASF, CH). The Uvitex®OB was incorporated into the     polyethylene terephthalate in a twin-screw extruder. -   30% by weight of P4=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 1100

Outer Layer C (Thickness in Final Film 6 μm)

-   10% by weight of P1=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 700 and     50% by weight of TiO₂ (R-104 from DuPont, USA, in the rutile form).     The TiO₂ was incorporated into the polyethylene terephthalate in a     twin-screw extruder. -   16% by weight of P2=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 730,     comprising, as comonomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)     6-oxodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxa-phosphorin-6-ylmethylsuccinate, where the     proportion of phosphorus therefrom is 18 000 ppm in the polymer. -   30% by weight of P5=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 730,     comprising 30% by weight of Printex® F 80 carbon black (Degussa,     Del.). The carbon black (primary particle size 16 nm and BET surface     area 220 m²/g) was incorporated into the polyethylene terephthalate     in a twin-screw extruder. The carbon black comprises a total of less     than 0.5 ppm of PAH=polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. -   44% by weight of P4=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 1100

Base Layer B (Thickness in Final Film 24 μm)

-   28% by weight of P1=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 700 and     50% by weight of TiO₂ (R-104 from DuPont, USA, in the rutile form).     The TiO₂ was incorporated into the polyethylene terephthalate in a     twin-screw extruder. -   15% by weight of P2=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 730,     comprising, as comonomer, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)     6-oxodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxa-phosphorin-6-ylmethylsuccinate, where the     proportion of phosphorus therefrom is 18 000 ppm in the polymer. -   35% by weight of P4=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 1100 -   22% by weight of P6=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 810.

The polymer mixtures were combined in an adapter and, via a flat-film die, applied electrostatically to a chill roll temperature-controlled to 60° C. The resultant film was then longitudinally, and then transversely, stretched under the following conditions:

Longitudinal Heating temperature 75-115° C. stretching Stretching temperature 115° C. Longitudinal stretching ratio 3.5 Transverse Heating temperature 100° C. stretching Stretching temperature 110° C. Transverse stretching ratio 4.0 Setting Temperature 240-150° C. Duration 3 s Relaxation in TD at from 200 to 5% 150° C.

The total thickness of the resultant film was 36 μm, and the thickness of both of the outer layers A and C was 6 μm. The whiteness of the film (on the white side) was 109. Optical density was 4.8 (white side toward light source), modulus of elasticity in MD was 4500 N/mm² and in TD was 5505 N/mm². The F5 value was 105 N/mm² in MD and 111 N/mm² in TD. Shrinkage in MD at 150° C. was 1.3%, and in TD was 0.6%. Expansion at 100° C. in both directions on the film was 0.1%. The SV value for the film was 760. The proportion of diethylene glycol was 0.9% by weight. The proportion of IPA, butanediol, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and cyclohexanedimethanol was respectively <0.1% by weight. In the flame test, the film achieved grade 2. Reflectance at 550 nm was 88% on the white side. Reflectance at 370 nm on both sides was <45%. OTS on weathering of white side=76% and on weathering of the black side=72%. The film was produced on a commercial polyester film plant (final width 5 m) with less than three break-offs per day.

Comparative Example 1

Identical with example 1, but the raw material P1 was replaced by the raw material P7 in all of the layers. The constitution of this material was as follows:

-   P7=polyethylene terephthalate with SV value 700 and 50% by weight of     barium sulfate (BLANC FIXE® XR-HX, Sachtleben Chemie, Del.). The     barium sulfate was incorporated into the polyethylene terephthalate     in a twin-screw extruder.

The total thickness of the resultant film was 36 μm, and the thickness of both of the outer layers A and C was 6 μm. The whiteness of the film was 92. Optical density was 3.3 (white side toward light source), modulus of elasticity in MD was 4300 N/mm² and in TD was 4900 N/mm². The F5 value was 98 N/mm² in MD and 102 N/mm² in TD. Shrinkage in MD at 150° C. was 1.3%, and in TD was 0.5%. Expansion at 100° C. in both directions on the film was 0.1%. The SV value for the film was 760. The proportion of diethylene glycol was 0.9% by weight. The proportion of IPA, butanediol, naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and cyclohexanedimethanol was respectively <0.1% by weight. In the flame test, the film achieved grade 4. Reflectance at 550 nm was 79% on the white side. UTS on weathering of white side=9% and on weathering of the black side=3%. 

1. An at least three-layer, biaxially oriented polyester film comprising a carbon-black-filled outer layer and with two TiO₂-containing layers, wherein a TiO₂-containing layer is also an outer layer and the thickness of the outer layers is from 4 to 15 μm, the thickness of the base layer is ≧the total of the thicknesses of the outer layers, the white outer layer comprises at least 15% by weight of TiO₂, the base layer comprises at least 4% by weight of TiO₂, the carbon-black-containing outer layer comprises from 3 to 15% by weight of carbon black, and the SV value of the film is at least 600, where all % by weight data are based on the weight of the respective layer.
 2. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the total thickness of the film is from 20 to 60 μm.
 3. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least two layers comprise at least 4% by weight of TiO₂.
 4. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the base layer is at least 55% of the total thickness of the film.
 5. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least 80% of the titanium dioxide is in the rutile form.
 6. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the white outer layer comprises less than 6% by weight of white pigments that differ from TiO₂.
 7. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the white outer layer comprises from 500 to 2000 ppm of optical brightener.
 8. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the outer layers comprise at least one UV stabilizer that differs from TiO₂.
 9. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the d₅₀ value of the carbon black is smaller than 2 μm.
 10. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the film is below 1.5 ppm.
 11. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein the carbon-black-containing outer layer also comprises TiO₂.
 12. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein said film comprises from 0.5 to 15% by weight of a flame retardant.
 13. The polyester film as claimed in claim 1, wherein said film has one or more of the following properties: longitudinal and transverse shrinkage below 3% at 150° C., expansion of less than 3% at 100° C., modulus of elasticity greater than 3000 N/mm² in both longitudinal and transverse directions on the film, longitudinal and transverse F5 values above 80 N/mm², SV value of from 600 to 950, Berger whiteness of at least 90 for the white external layer, optical density of at least 3.5, reflectance greater than or equal to 70% at 550 nm on at least one side, and reflectance smaller than 60% at 370 nm on at least one side.
 14. A process for the production of a polyester film as claimed in claim 1, said process comprising compressing and plastifying the polymer or the polymer mixture for the individual layers in extruders and plastified to give melts, shaping the melts in a coextrusion die to give flat melt films and that are forced through a flat-film die, and drawing off the melt films on a chill roll and one or more take-off rolls, whereupon the film thus molded cools and solidifies, and the solidified film is then simultaneously or sequentially oriented longitudinally and transversely, and the oriented film is heat-set, and then wound up, said film comprising the following features: the thickness of the Outer layers is from 4 to 15 μm, the thickness of the base layer is ≧the total of the thicknesses of the outer layers, the white outer layer comprises at least 15% by weight of TiO₂, the base layer comprises at least 4% by weight of TiO₂, the carbon-black-containing outer layer comprises from 3 to 15% by weight of carbon black, and the SV value of the film is at least
 600. 15. Blinds, prosection screens or displays comprising polyester film as claimed in claim
 1. 16. The polyester film as claimed in claim 12, wherein said flame retardant is bis(2-hydroxyethyl) 6-oxodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-ylmethylsuccinate.
 17. The polyester film as claimed in claim 12, wherein said film comprises from 1500 to 5000 ppm.
 18. Blinds, projection screens or displays as claimed in claim 15, wherein said blinds are roller blinds or Venetian blinds. 